正矢

正矢(英文:VersineVersed sine)是一种三角函数,出现于早期的三角函数表(如梵语阿耶巴塔三角表英语Āryabhaṭa's sine table[1]第一节),其值为1和余弦函数的差。它的定义域是整个实数集,值域是。它是周期函数,其最小正周期为(360°)。在自变量为,其中为整数)时,该函数有极大值2;在自变量为(或)时,该函数有极小值0。正矢函数是偶函数,其图像关于y轴对称。

单位圆上两种正矢函数(Versin和Vercos)和两种余矢函数(coversin和covercos)的位置

概述

正矢函数(versine[2][3][4][5][6]versed sine[7][8][9][10][11])是一个三角函数,常计为versin(θ)sinver(θ)[12][13]vers(θ)ver(θ)[14]siv(θ)[15][16]拉丁语中,其被称为sinus versus (翻转的正弦), versinusversussagitta (箭头)。[17]

其等价定义为

 

相关函数

  • 余的正矢(英文:versed cosinevercosine[18],写为vercosin(θ)vercos(θ)vcs(θ)
  • 余矢(英文:coversed sinecoversine[19],写为 ,有时亦缩写为 
  • 余的余矢(英文:coversed cosine[20]covercosine),写为covercosin(θ)covercos(θ)cvc(θ)

与上述四个函数类似,还存在四个“半值”函数:

  • 半正矢(英文:haversed sine,[21] haversinesemiversus[22][23]),写为haversin(θ)semiversin(θ)semiversinus(θ)havers(θ)hav(θ)[24][25] hvs(θ)[注 1] sem(θ)hv(θ)[26],因半正矢公式出名,且曾用于导航术
  • 余的半正矢(英文:haversed cosine[27] or havercosine),写为havercosin(θ), havercos(θ), hac(θ)hvc(θ)
  • 半余矢(英文:hacoversed sinehacoversine[28]cohaversine),写为hacoversin(θ)semicoversin(θ)hacovers(θ)hacov(θ)[29]hcv(θ)。
  • 余的半余矢(英文:hacoversed cosine[30]hacovercosinecohavercosine),写为hacovercosin(θ)hacovercos(θ)hcc(θ)

定义

正矢  [3]  
余矢  [3]  
余的正矢  [18]  
余的余矢  [20]  
半正矢  [3]  
半余矢  [28]  
余的半正矢  [27]  
余的半余矢  [30]  
 
角θ的所有三角函数在几何上可以依据以O点为圆心的单位圆来构造。

微分与积分

   
   
   
   

参见

注释

  1. ^ 在讯号分析中,hvs有时用于半正矢函数(haversine function),也有时代表单位阶跃函数

参考文献

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外部链接